Pears, among the oldest domesticated fruit trees, have experienced significant genetic changes to adapt to various climates. A recent study led by researchers from Shandong Agricultural University and Nanjing Agricultural University, in collaboration with the Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, has provided new insights into the genetic variations associated with pear domestication. Published in Horticulture Research in May 2025, this research aims to enhance breeding programs for pears by better understanding genetic diversity and mutation patterns.
The study analyzed over 9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 232 pear accessions, revealing crucial findings about deleterious mutations in the pear genome. The research indicates that while previous studies have focused on annual crops, understanding these patterns in perennial species like pears is vital for improving their breeding and selection processes.
One of the key discoveries of the study is the concentration of 139,335 deleterious mutations within coding regions of the genome, particularly in Pyrus communis, the European pear. The researchers highlighted selective sweep regions where domestication reduced these harmful mutations in P. pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri. In contrast, an increase in deleterious mutations was observed in P. communis, likely attributed to genetic drift during the domestication process.
Significance of Discovering the PyMYC2 Gene
A significant aspect of the research was the identification of the PyMYC2 gene, which is linked to stone cell formation in pears. Researchers found that overexpression of this gene in pear callus cultures led to increased lignin and stone cell content, suggesting its potential as a target for breeding efforts aimed at enhancing pear texture.
According to Professor Jun Wu from Nanjing Agricultural University, “This research provides valuable genomic insights into pear domestication, particularly in understanding how deleterious mutations shape agronomic traits.” He emphasized that the identification of PyMYC2 as a regulator of stone cell content could significantly influence future breeding strategies, ultimately leading to improved pear varieties that meet consumer demands.
The implications of these findings extend beyond genetic understanding. By targeting genes like PyMYC2, breeders are positioned to develop new pear varieties with optimal traits such as enhanced texture and increased disease resistance. The research advocates for the use of modern molecular breeding techniques, including genome-wide selection, to mitigate the accumulation of harmful mutations in cultivated varieties.
Future of Pear Breeding and Climate Resilience
As global demand for high-quality pears continues to rise, the insights from this study are essential for improving crop resilience in the face of climate change. The findings underscore the importance of ongoing research into the genetic basis of pear domestication and highlight the necessity for innovative breeding strategies.
This work was supported by various funding sources, including the National Science Foundation of China and the National Key Research and Development Program of China. The collaboration among these research institutions underscores a collective effort to advance pear genetics, contributing to the agricultural sector’s ability to adapt to evolving environmental challenges.
As the study paves the way for improved pear varieties, it also serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between genetics and agriculture. Understanding the genetic evolution of pears will not only enhance the quality of these fruits but also ensure their sustainability for future generations.
